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![]() Here we show that the combination of ATRA with glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK 3) inhibition significantly enhances ATRA-mediated AML differentiation and growth inhibition. Though many non-APL leukemic cells respond to ATRA, they require significantly higher concentrations of ATRA for effective differentiation. ![]() Unfortunately ATRA has not been clinically useful for other subtypes of AML. The use of the differentiation agent, ATRA, in combination with low-dose chemotherapy leads to the long-term survival and presumed cure of 75–85% of patients. The one exception to these poor outcomes is the use of the retinoid, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), for a rare subtype of AML (APL). Unfortunately, the standard therapeutic agents used for this disease have high toxicities and poor efficacy. Gupta, K Gulen, F Sun, L Aguilera, R Chakrabarti, A Kiselar, J Agarwal, MK Wald, DNĪcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults. GSK 3 is a regulator of RAR-mediated differentiation
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